What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?

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WHERE Clause

  • Used to filter rows before grouping.

  • Can be applied to individual rows/records.

  • Cannot be used with aggregate functions (like SUM(), COUNT(), AVG() etc.).

Example:

SELECT name, age
FROM Students
WHERE age > 18;

👉 Filters students older than 18 before any grouping happens.

HAVING Clause

  • Used to filter groups after the GROUP BY clause.

  • Works on the results of aggregate functions.

  • Must be used with GROUP BY (usually).

Example:

SELECT course_id, COUNT(student_id) AS total_students
FROM Enrollments
GROUP BY course_id
HAVING COUNT(student_id) > 10;

👉 Filters only those courses where more than 10 students are enrolled.

Key Differences

FeatureWHEREHAVING
UseFilters rows before groupingFilters groups after grouping
Works OnIndividual rowsAggregated/grouped rows
Aggregate FunctionsNot allowedAllowed
When AppliedBefore GROUP BYAfter GROUP BY

✅ In short:

  • WHERE = filter rows

  • HAVING = filter groups

Read More:

What is a join? Name different types.

What are primary keys and foreign keys?

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