What are primary keys and foreign keys?

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Primary Key

• A primary key is a column (or set of columns) in a database table that uniquely identifies each record.

• No two rows can have the same primary key value.

• A primary key cannot contain NULL values.

• Each table should have only one primary key.

Example:

CREATE TABLE Students (
   student_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
   name VARCHAR(100),
   age INT
);

Here, student_id is the primary key—it uniquely identifies every student.

Foreign Key

• A foreign key is a column (or set of columns) in one table that refers to the primary key in another table.

• It is used to create relationships between tables.

• A foreign key ensures referential integrity, meaning you cannot insert a value that does not exist in the referenced primary key column.

Example:

CREATE TABLE Enrollments (
   enrollment_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
   student_id INT,
   FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES Students(student_id)
);

Here, student_id in Enrollments is a foreign key pointing to student_id in Students. This ensures only valid students can have enrollments.

✅ In short:

• Primary key = uniquely identifies a record in its own table.

• Foreign key = links one table to another by referencing a primary key.

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