Explain method overloading vs method overriding.
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In Java, method overloading and method overriding are two important concepts of polymorphism, but they work in different ways.
Method Overloading happens when multiple methods in the same class share the same name but differ in their parameter list (number, type, or order of parameters). The return type may be different, but it alone does not distinguish overloaded methods. Overloading is an example of compile-time polymorphism because the method that will be executed is determined by the compiler based on the method signature used in the call. It improves code readability and flexibility, allowing developers to use a single method name to perform related operations with different types or numbers of inputs. For example, a method named add can accept two integers, two doubles, or three integers, each performing addition in its own context.
Method Overriding, in contrast, occurs when a subclass provides its own implementation of a method that is already defined in its parent class. The method in the subclass must have the same name, return type (or a covariant type), and parameters as in the parent class. Overriding is an example of runtime polymorphism, since the version of the method that gets executed is decided at runtime, depending on the actual object type. Overriding is used to achieve dynamic behavior and allows subclasses to offer specialized versions of inherited methods. For example, a base class may have a draw() method, and subclasses like Circle or Square can override this method to provide their own drawing logic.
In short, overloading is about having multiple methods with the same name but different signatures in the same class, while overriding is about redefining a parent class method in a subclass to provide a specific implementation.
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